19. Income Taxes

The Company has established a full valuation allowance for its deferred tax assets based on management’s belief that it is not more likely than not that the related deferred tax assets will be realized. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no income tax expense or benefit.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no recorded tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions. The Company does not expect any significant changes to the estimate amount of liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions in the next 12 months.

The income tax (benefit) provision consists of the following:

 Schedule of Income Tax (Benefit) Provision

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the expected tax benefit based on the statutory rate reconciled with the actual benefit is as follows:

 Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, differences between the expected tax expense based on the federal statutory rate and the actual tax expense is primarily attributable to the net losses incurred and the corresponding increase to the valuation allowance.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s deferred tax assets consisted of the effects of temporary differences attributable to the following:

 Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has approximately $18.6 million and $15.6 million of federal NOL carryovers, respectively, which begin to expire in 2029 through 2036. Similarly, the subsidiary’s Pennsylvania state returns reported state NOL carryovers of approximately $18.6 million and $15.6 million, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. However, these loss carryforwards on a separate company basis may be subject to limitations on the amounts that may be utilized pursuant to Internal Revenue Code section 382 and applicable state law. Section 382 imposes significant limitations on the utilization of net operating losses after certain changes of corporate ownership. The Company will need to determine the amount of loss carryforwards that may be utilized in the future as necessary.

In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the future generation of taxable income during the years in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. After consideration of all the evidence, both positive and negative, management has recorded a full valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 because management has determined that it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various states. Based on the history of net operating losses all jurisdictions and tax years are open for examination until the operating losses are utilized or the statute of limitations expires. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company does not have any significant uncertain tax positions.